Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto. The company was founded in 1889 as Nintendo Karuta by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. Nintendo has produced some of the most successful consoles in the video game industry, such as the Game Boy, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Nintendo DS, the Wii, and the Nintendo Switch. It released numerous influential franchises, including ‘Mario’, ‘Donkey Kong’, ‘The Legend of Zelda’, ‘Kirby’, ‘Metroid’, ‘Fire Emblem’, ‘Animal Crossing’, ‘Splatoon’, ‘Star Fox’, ‘Super Smash Bros.’ and ‘Pokémon’. Nintendo has multiple subsidiaries in Japan and abroad, in addition to business partners such as The Pokémon Company.
Game Freak Co., Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer, best known as the primary developer of the Pokémon series of role-playing video games published by Nintendo. One of Game Freak's first games was the Nintendo Entertainment System action. Its most popular series, Pokémon is published and distributed respectively by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo worldwide.
Creatures Inc. is a Japanese video game development company affiliated with The Pokémon Company. It was founded by Tsunekazu Ishihara in November 1995, with the assistance of Satoro Iwata from Ape Inc. It is best known for creating the Pokémon Trading Card Game, designing Pokémon toys, and developing various video games. Its current president Hirokazu Tanaka was previously known for producing and composing music for various other Nintendo games. The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda, Tokyo.
The Pokémon Company Consortium
Since 2001, nearly all Pokémon products have had the company represented as ‘©Pokémon’ in the copyright acknowledgements with the usual three of ‘©Nintendo’, ‘©GameFreak Inc.’ and ‘©Creatures Inc.’. The three companies also have ownership of all of the Pokémon-related trademarks in Japan, while Nintendo is the sole owner of Pokémon-related trademarks in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, where The Pokémon Company itself does not have a branch.
The three joint-venture companies manage the Pokémon franchise together, making it a universal brand. Nintendo is responsible for the manufacturing, selling and marketing of Pokémon video games. Creatures Inc. is responsible for the development of the Pokémon video games and the trading card games, where Game Freak has a major contribution to the developmental process of the video games, in terms of the design and storyline that will also be represented in the trading card and anime series. The Pokémon Company, along with Nintendo, is in charge of printing cards and shipping them out to nearly 70 different countries in their respective languages. Except for the Japanese edition cards, every Pokémon card in every language is created in the United States.
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